01/10/2026
Slovakia Adopts a New Civil Code: What Will Change from July 1, 2027
On October 1, 2026, the National Council of the Slovak Republic approved a new Civil Code, Občiansky zákonník.
The law was supported by 90 of the 142 MPs present.
This is a major reform of Slovak private law. The current Civil Code was adopted back in 1964. It has been amended many times over the decades, but its fundamental legal structure has largely remained in place.
The new Code is intended to create a more modern and systematic legal framework for property, contractual, inheritance, family and other private law relationships.
Official information from the Slovak Ministry of Justice can be checked here:
https://www.justice.gov.sk/.../slovensko-ma-po-viac-ako.../
The voting result of the National Council can be checked here:
https://www.nrsr.sk/web/Page.aspx?MasterI=&sid=schodze%2Finformacia_denne_rokovanie_vysledok
The planned effective date of the new Civil Code is July 1, 2027.
Until that date, most individuals and businesses do not need to urgently rewrite existing contracts, wills or property arrangements. However, if you own real estate, run a business, have long-term contracts, inheritance matters or significant family assets in Slovakia, it is already worth understanding the main directions of the reform.
Inheritance: Greater Freedom to Decide What Happens to Your Property
One of the most significant areas of reform concerns inheritance law.
The new Code expands a person's ability to determine in advance what will happen to their property after death.
In addition to a traditional will, several new legal instruments are being introduced.
These include:
• an inheritance agreement, dedičská zmluva;
• a legacy, odkaz;
• an instruction or obligation imposed on an heir, príkaz;
• an estate administrator;
• an executor of a will;
• a broader group of statutory heirs.
An inheritance agreement differs from an ordinary will because it creates a contractual arrangement between the person leaving the estate and the future heir.
The reform also introduces greater possibilities to regulate certain future inheritance matters while the person is still alive.
The Ministry of Justice expressly states that the new system increases a person's freedom to decide how their property should be distributed after death.
More information:
https://www.justice.gov.sk/.../novy-obciansky-zakonnik.../
For owners of real estate, businesses or significant assets, this may create new opportunities for inheritance planning.
However, these new mechanisms should not be used without first assessing the specific family situation.
Before preparing a will, entering into an inheritance agreement or changing an existing inheritance arrangement, we recommend obtaining professional advice and reviewing the legal and tax consequences of the proposed decision.
Property of Married Couples
The rules governing property between spouses are also being updated and clarified.
Today, Slovakia uses the concept of bezpodielové spoluvlastníctvo manželov, commonly known as BSM.
The new system introduces the concept of spoločné imanie manželov.
At the same time, the Ministry of Justice emphasizes that the basic principle of the current BSM system will remain.
The main change is more detailed regulation of property, joint obligations of spouses and the possibility of modifying the standard property regime by agreement.
Spouses will be able to determine which assets are jointly owned, which remain the personal property of one spouse, and how such property will be managed.
The new system also provides a clearer distinction between joint and personal obligations of spouses.
This is particularly important for families where one spouse:
• operates a business;
• owns or manages a company;
• purchases real estate;
• takes out loans;
• provides guarantees;
• assumes significant financial obligations.
In such situations, one poorly considered decision may affect the assets of the entire family.
For this reason, before entering into a marital property agreement, purchasing real estate, obtaining financing or assuming significant obligations, we recommend seeking individual professional advice.
Official information about the reform:
https://www.justice.gov.sk/.../slovensko-ma-po-viac-ako.../
Legal Capacity and Supported Decision-Making
Another important change concerns people who may have difficulty making certain legal decisions independently.
The new Civil Code moves away from the possibility of completely depriving a person of legal capacity.
Instead, a court will be able to restrict only specific legal acts and only to the extent necessary.
The reform also introduces a system of supported decision-making.
A person will be able to receive assistance from another individual when making legally significant decisions while retaining the right to make the final decision independently.
This system is intended to provide stronger protection for personal dignity and autonomy.
More information:
https://www.justice.gov.sk/.../slovensko-ma-po-viac-ako.../
What Will Change for Businesses
For entrepreneurs, one of the most important changes concerns contracts.
Today, Slovakia has parallel regulation of contractual obligations under both the Civil Code and the Commercial Code.
Depending on the parties involved and the nature of the relationship, similar contracts may currently be governed by different legal rules.
The new Civil Code is intended to significantly reduce this dual system.
Sale and purchase agreements, contracts for work and other basic contractual relationships will be governed within a more unified framework.
The Ministry of Justice identifies the elimination of duplicate regulation as one of the key objectives of the reform.
Official explanation:
https://www.justice.gov.sk/.../novy-obciansky-zakonnik.../
For businesses, this means that once the new rules take effect, it will be important to review:
• standard customer contracts;
• supplier agreements;
• contracts for work;
• general terms and conditions;
• liability for breach of obligations;
• contract termination procedures;
• procedures for making claims;
• electronic contracting processes.
This does not mean that every existing contract must automatically be replaced on July 1, 2027.
However, long-term contractual relationships should be reviewed in advance.
Before changing existing agreements or preparing new templates under the new legal framework, we recommend seeking professional advice. In each case, it will be important to determine which rules apply to that specific contract.
Liability Even Before a Contract Is Signed
The new Civil Code provides more detailed rules on liability for negotiations conducted in bad faith.
If one party conducts negotiations in a way that creates a justified expectation that a contract will be concluded, while having no genuine intention to enter into the contract, legal consequences may arise in certain circumstances.
This is particularly important in business transactions where negotiations may continue for months and involve costs, disclosure of information and preparation of documents.
The new Code also introduces modern mechanisms for transferring contracts to another person and provides a more systematic framework for the consequences of contractual breaches.
Electronic Contracts and the Digital Environment
The new Civil Code gives greater attention to electronic legal acts.
This is particularly relevant for businesses because a large proportion of contracts, orders, confirmations and communication already take place remotely.
The new system is intended to better reflect electronic legal acts and modern digital services.
Companies should therefore review their online processes, electronic agreements, order confirmations and general terms of service.
Limitation Periods
The general limitation period is expected to be three years.
Under certain conditions, parties will be able to agree in writing on a different period, with a minimum of one year and a maximum of ten years.
This contractual freedom will remain subject to restrictions, particularly consumer protection rules.
For businesses, this may be important when preparing long-term contracts and determining how mutual claims may be pursued.
Before including such provisions in a contract, we recommend checking whether they are legally permissible for the specific type of relationship involved.
Real Estate Leases
The reform also affects real estate leases.
One of the changes is clearer regulation of mechanisms allowing rent to be adjusted in line with inflation.
This will allow parties to include an inflation adjustment clause directly in the lease agreement.
The overall legal framework for leasing buildings and parts of buildings is also changing.
For owners of commercial premises, residential properties and long-term tenants, this means greater attention should be paid to provisions concerning:
• rent adjustments;
• security deposits;
• termination of the lease;
• liability for damage;
• utility payments;
• long-term indexation.
We do not recommend automatically rewriting existing lease agreements simply because the new Civil Code has been adopted.
It is first necessary to determine which transitional rules apply to a particular agreement.
Real Estate and the Land Register
Very important changes also concern the land register.
The new Code strengthens the principle of trust in information officially recorded in the land register.
The Ministry of Justice refers to a presumption of correctness of registered information and stronger protection for good-faith purchasers.
In simple terms, a person who, under the conditions established by law, relies on information in the land register and acquires real estate in good faith should receive stronger legal protection.
More information:
https://www.justice.gov.sk/.../slovensko-ma-po-viac-ako.../
However, this does not mean that checking the land register alone will be sufficient before purchasing property.
Legal due diligence on the property, the owner, the history of ownership transfers, registered liens, enforcement proceedings and other potential risks remains necessary.
Before purchasing real estate in Slovakia, we recommend carrying out a legal review and obtaining professional advice before signing the agreement or transferring funds.
What Will Happen to Existing Contracts
One of the main practical questions is what will happen to contracts concluded before July 1, 2027.
Existing contracts will not automatically become governed exclusively by the new rules overnight.
The transitional provisions of the new legislation will play an important role.
Therefore, an existing lease agreement, loan agreement, contract between companies, contract for work or other long-term arrangement cannot automatically be considered transferred to a completely new legal regime simply because July 1, 2027 has arrived.
It will be necessary to consider:
• when the legal relationship arose;
• when the agreement was signed;
• what type of agreement is involved;
• which obligations continue after July 1, 2027;
• what the transitional provisions provide.
For this reason, we do not recommend changing existing agreements without prior legal analysis.
What Should You Do Now?
There is no need to urgently rewrite every contract, will or property arrangement before July 1, 2027.
However, it is already useful to identify which legal relationships will continue after the new system comes into force.
Particular attention should be paid to:
• inheritance planning;
• real estate;
• marital property and debts;
• business contracts;
• long-term leases;
• agreements between companies;
• loans and guarantees;
• electronic contracts and general business terms.
It is useful to collect existing documents in advance and identify which of them may require review once all transitional rules and related legislation are finalized.
The Ministry of Justice publishes materials about the reform here:
https://www.justice.gov.sk/.../kodifikacia-sukromneho-prava/
What Citizens and Businesses Should Keep in Mind
Slovakia is not simply changing individual rules relating to inheritance, contracts or leases.
The country is adopting a new fundamental code of private law that will regulate a broad range of relationships between individuals, entrepreneurs and companies.
At the same time, not every change will affect every person in the same way.
In one situation, an existing agreement may continue to be used. In another, changes may be required. A new marital property arrangement may be beneficial for one family but create unwanted consequences for another. New inheritance options will also need to be assessed in the context of each family's specific circumstances.
For this reason, before making legally significant decisions, we recommend not relying solely on general articles, social media posts or advice from acquaintances.
Seek professional advice and review your specific situation before signing a contract, transferring money, changing the marital property regime, preparing inheritance documents or restructuring a business.
Slovakia Garant will continue to follow the publication of the final text of the new Civil Code, its transitional provisions, related legislative changes and official guidance before the new system comes into force.
If you own real estate, run a business, have a long-term contract, family property matters or inheritance questions in Slovakia, contact Slovakia Garant.
We will review your specific situation, identify possible risks and explain what should genuinely be prepared in advance and which decisions do not yet require urgent action.
Slovakia Garant
Gorkého 3, Bratislava
Consultations on residence, business, documents and administrative procedures in Slovakia.
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