FND: The spinal cord & head dysfunctional

31/12/2022

FND: Electrical signer by Migraine, the nervous system not functioning properly. Complex condition in human body.

07/12/2022

Neurological disorder: Symptoms

What causes nerve inflammation in the brain?

The causes of cranial neuropathies include poorly controlled diabetes or high blood pressure, head injuries, infections, strokes, and brain tumors.

The inflammation causes the brain to swell, which can lead to headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, mental confusion and seizures.

What are the symptoms of nerve damage in the brain?

Changes in sensation
* Numbness. It can be a symptom of nervous system malfunction. ...
* Tingling or a pins-and-needles sensation.
* Increased sensitivity (hypersensitivity) to light touch.
* Loss of sensation for touch, cold, heat, or pain.
* Loss of position sense (knowing where parts of the body are in space)

Referencing —:

Introduction to Symptoms of Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version.

19/11/2022

FND - Researching the causes of firing pains in the Brain.

NEURONAL FIRING| CNS Traumatic Brian Injury Rehabilitation.

Brian injury >Neuroplasticity > Neuronal Firing.

CNS || Centre for Neuro Skills

Neuron illustration: The process of normal neuronal firing takes place as a communication between neurons through electrical impulses and neurotransmitters. To better understand this process, it is important to understand the parts of a neuron, including the soma, dendrites and axons.

The soma can be thought of as the "brain" of the brain cell, as it processes the input/information into the cell and determines if it is important enough to pass along to another cell. The dendrites are tree-like structures that receive and gather information from other neurons for delivery to the soma, where the information is processed and as mentioned, the determination is made whether it is important enough to pass along to other neurons.

Such information is passed from neuron to neuron via the axons, which act like the cable or wires in your house. In addition, axons are insulated, similar to electrical wires, with a fatty substance called myelin, to keep electrical current strong and flowing directionally.

Abnormal neuronal firing can occur when the signals between neurons are somehow disrupted. Such a problem commonly occurs in the presence of "axonal shearing" as the structure and connection of the axon with cell body is disrupted or "sheared" from the cell body by trauma forces.

This creates damage to the axons so they are no longer able to communicate with neurons and the connection is lost, causing information to "get stuck" as it cannot be effectively passed on. Because of this, a neuron that is no longer able to receive input from lost connections will likely end up dying, unless it is able to establish a new connection with another neuron.

Symptoms of Diffuse Axonal Injury or DAI in a patient may manifest clinically in slow speed of processing, or for example, requiring increased time to hear what is being said, such as question, process that information, formulate a response and then, articulate that response.

Reference -:

CNS Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation explains the concept of neuronal firing which takes place as communication between neurons through electrical impulses and neurotransmitters.

07/11/2022

FND-: Researching nerves pains, often described as a sharp shooting pain or like having an electric shock in the jaw, teeth or gums.

Trigeminal neuralgia
Contents

* Overview
* Symptoms
* Causes
* Diagnosis
* Treatment

Trigeminal neuralgia is sudden, severe facial pain. It's often described as a sharp shooting pain or like having an electric shock in the jaw, teeth or gums.
It usually happens in short, unpredictable attacks that can last from a few seconds to about 2 minutes. The attacks stop as suddenly as they start.
In most cases, trigeminal neuralgia affects just one side of the face, with the pain usually felt in the lower part of the face. Very occasionally the pain can affect both sides of the face, although not usually at the same time.

People with the condition may experience attacks of pain regularly for days, weeks or months at a time. In severe cases attacks may happen hundreds of times a day.
It's possible for the pain to improve or even disappear altogether for several months or years at a time (remission), although these periods tend to get shorter with time.
Some people may then develop a more continuous aching, throbbing or burning sensation, sometimes accompanied by the sharp attacks.

Living with trigeminal neuralgia can be very difficult. It can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life, resulting in problems such as weight loss, isolation and depression.
Read more about the symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia.

When to seek medical advice
See a GP if you experience frequent or persistent facial pain, particularly if standard painkillers, such as paracetamol and ibuprofen, do not help and a dentist has ruled out any dental causes.
The GP will try to identify the problem by asking about your symptoms and ruling out conditions that could be responsible for your pain.

However, diagnosing trigeminal neuralgia can be difficult and it can take a few years for a diagnosis to be confirmed.
Read more about diagnosing trigeminal neuralgia.

What causes trigeminal neuralgia?
Trigeminal neuralgia is usually caused by compression of the trigeminal nerve. This is the nerve inside the skull that transmits sensations of pain and touch from your face, teeth and mouth to your brain.
The compression of the trigeminal nerve is usually caused by a nearby blood vessel pressing on part of the nerve inside the skull.
Trigeminal neuralgia can also happen when the trigeminal nerve is damaged by another medical condition, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or a tumour.

The attacks of pain are usually brought on by activities that involve lightly touching the face, such as washing, eating and brushing the teeth, but they can also be triggered by wind – even a slight breeze or air conditioning – or movement of the face or head. Sometimes the pain can happen without a trigger.
Read more about the causes of trigeminal neuralgia.

Who's affected
It's not clear how many people are affected by trigeminal neuralgia, but it's thought to be rare, with around 10 people in 100,000 in the UK developing it each year.

Trigeminal neuralgia affects more women than men, and it usually starts between the ages of 50 and 60. It's rare in adults younger than 40.

Treating trigeminal neuralgia
Trigeminal neuralgia is usually a long-term condition and the periods of remission often get shorter over time. However, the treatments available do help most cases to some degree.
An anticonvulsant medicine called carbamazepine, which is often used to treat epilepsy, is the first treatment usually recommended to treat trigeminal neuralgia. Carbamazepine can relieve nerve pain by slowing down electrical impulses in the nerves and reducing their ability to transmit pain messages.

Carbamazepine needs to be taken several times a day to be effective, with the dose gradually increased over the course of a few days or weeks so high enough levels of the medicine can build up in your bloodstream.

Unless your pain becomes much better, or disappears, the medicine is usually continued for as long as necessary, which could be for many years.

If you're entering a period of remission, where your pain goes away, stopping carbamazepine should always be done slowly, over days or weeks, unless a doctor tells you otherwise.

If this medicine does not help you, causes too many side effects, or you're unable to take it, you may be referred to a specialist to discuss alternative medicines or surgical procedures that may help.

There are a number of minor surgical procedures that can be used to treat trigeminal neuralgia – usually by damaging the nerve to stop it sending pain signals – but these are generally only effective for a few years.

Alternatively, your specialist may recommend having surgery to open your skull and move any blood vessels that are compressing the trigeminal nerve. Research suggests this operation offers the best results for long-term pain relief, but it's a major operation and carries a risk of potentially serious complications, such as hearing loss, facial numbness or, very rarely, a stroke.

Read more about treating trigeminal neuralgia.
Post-herpetic neuralgia
Post-herpetic neuralgia is a more common type of nerve pain that usually develops in an area previously affected by shingles

Referencing -:

Find out about trigeminal neuralgia, which is sudden, severe facial pain, often described as sharp, shooting or like an electric shock.

01/09/2022

Functional Neurological Disorder: My mind is bombarded with unexplainable 🧠 ?????

The answers are inconclusive with numerous research & findings without ending for the unsatisfactory caused by “dysfunctional” Central Nervous System “CNS”.

Suffering with permanent “Central Nervous System” deteriorated head & body, which can be avoidable from deterioration by negligence within medical treatments from many erroneous NHS Practitioners in Kent that covers history of my X-ray, CTScan, MRI, Blood test, electroencephalogram “EEG”, Electromyography “EMG” from my RTA car collision Injury from 31 October 2017. Majorly caused by insurer deliberate compensation delays, negligence and Solicitors incompetency of omitted disinformations and betrayal by denying misconduct & mistakes they contributed to medical reports which should have giving me earliest proper medical treatment & rehabilitation.

What is on my mind are ?????? with no answers.

When will the suffering ends as my daily routine of life threatening damage ganglia ”chronic and excruciating damage nervous system torture affecting my well-being with serious discomforting traumatic brain & spinal cord (neurological symptoms) “as” continuous radiating brain 🧠 cells migraine pains.

Waves activity by group of excitable brain cells, triggers chemicals such as serotonin, to narrow blood vessels.

🧠🧠🧠🧠🧠🧠🧠🧠🧠🧠🧠🧠🧠🧠🧠🧠🧠
Researching Theory: How migraine pain effects brain cells ?

The theory of migraine pain explains: Serotonin is a chemical necessary for communication between nerve cells.

During migraine, these stimuli feel like an “all-out assault”.

The brain 🧠 produces an outsize reaction to the trigger, it’s electrical system (mis)firing on all cylinders.

Finally: This electrical activity causes a change in blood flow to the brain 🧠, which in turn affects the brain’s nerves, causing pains.

My mind: Is facing uncertainty with FND.

31/08/2022

FND 🧠: Damage Ganglia

Damage to the basal ganglia cells may cause problems controlling speech, movement, and posture. This combination of symptoms is called parkinsonism. A person with basal ganglia dysfunction may have difficulty starting, stopping, or sustaining movement.

Basal ganglia dysfunction.
Basal ganglia dysfunction is a problem with the deep brain structures that help start and control movement.

Conditions that cause injury to the brain can damage the basal ganglia.

Such conditions include:
* Carbon monoxide poisoning
* Drug overdose
* Head injury
* Infection
* Liver disease
* Metabolic problems
* Multiple sclerosis (MS)
* Poisoning with copper, manganese, or other heavy metals
* Stroke
* Tumors

A common cause of these findings is chronic use of medicines used to treat schizophrenia.
Many brain disorders are associated with basal ganglia dysfunction. They include:
* Dystonia (muscle tone problems)
* Huntington disease (disorder in which nerve cells in certain parts of the brain waste away, or degenerate)

* Multiple system atrophy (widespread nervous system disorder)
* Parkinson disease
* Progressive supranuclear palsy (movement disorder from damage to certain nerve cells in the brain)
* Wilson disease (disorder causing too much copper in the body's tissues)

Referencing—-:

Basal ganglia dysfunction is a problem with the deep brain structures that help start and control movement.

31/08/2022

FND: More finding with Biology & medicine.


Anatomy: a structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on a nerve fibre.

Medicine: an abnormal benign swelling on a tendon sheath.

Neurobiology of Autonomic Ganglia
DAVID L. KREULEN, in Peripheral Neuropathy (Fourth Edition), 2005

Paravertebral Ganglia.
Paravertebral ganglia lie bilaterally along the dorsal body wall ventrolateral to the vertebral column.

With their connecting trunks they form bilaterally symmetrical chains, which extend from C1 to S2, with one pair of ganglia per thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segment.

They contain the cell bodies of neurons that innervate the structures and surface of the body wall and extremities. In humans there are usually 24 paravertebral ganglia in each chain.

At the cervical level there are generally three paravertebral ganglia or ganglion groups: the uppermost superior cervical ganglion caps the chain, the stellate ganglion is lowermost of this group, and there is an interposing intermediate ganglion.

In the lower lumbar region the ganglia on either side begin to converge toward the midline and are connected by interconnectives across the midline. In front of the coccyx, the two chains merge to form a ganglion impar (“unpaired”).

Referencing—:

Neurobiology of Autonomic GangliaDAVID L. KREULEN, in Peripheral Neuropathy (Fourth Edition), 2005Paravertebral Ganglia.Paravertebral ganglia lie bilaterally along the dorsal body wall ventrolateral to the vertebral column. With their connecting trunks they form bilaterally symmetrical chains, which...

24/08/2022

FND 🧠: There are different complex elements of neurological disorder symptoms when the nervous system is damage “CNS”.

Suffering from neurological disorder is a life threatening condition: because the main channel of the head & body is affected.

According the neurologist theory. The software of the brain 🧠 is not functioning properly, but the detailed of the software are excluded-: Because the facts of the theory is yet unknown.

19/08/2022

Type of Nerves tissue

Nervous tissue is grouped into two main categories: neurons and neuroglia. Neurons, or nerves, transmit electrical impulses, while neuroglia do not; neuroglia have many other functions including supporting and protecting neurons.

Referencing——: https://biologydictionary.net/nervous-tissue/

Nervous Tissue

Last Updated: April 28, 2017

Nervous Tissue Definition
Nervous tissue is the term for groups of organized cells in the nervous system, which is the organ system that controls the body’s movements, sends and carries signals to and from the different parts of the body, and has a role in controlling bodily functions such as digestion. Nervous tissue is grouped into two main categories: neurons and neuroglia. Neurons, or nerves, transmit electrical impulses, while neuroglia do not; neuroglia have many other functions including supporting and protecting neurons.

Function of Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue makes up the nervous system. The nervous system is subdivided in several overlapping ways. The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord, which coordinates information from all areas of the body and sends nerve impulses that control all bodily movements. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of peripheral nerves that branch all throughout the body. It connects the CNS to the rest of the body and is directly responsible for controlling movements of specific parts of the body; for example, just before arm movement the CNS sends nerve impulses to the PNS nerves in the arm, which causes the arm to move.

Another subdivision of the nervous system is into the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). The SNS activates in order to stimulate a fight-or-flight response in an organism when that organism encounters a threat and must decide whether to fight or flee from it. The nerves of the SNS have diverse effects on different parts of the body. Activation of the SNS causes the pupils of the eyes to dilate, inhibits digestion, increases sweat secretion, and increases the heart rate. Conversely, the PSNS is activated during moments of “rest and digest”, when an organism is not facing an immediate threat. Nerves of the PSNS work to stimulate activities that can occur at rest such as digestion, waste excretion, and sexual arousal, and they also decrease the heart rate.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) controls the gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract). This division of the nervous system, along with the SNS and PSNS, are collectively referred to as the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS regulates activities that are performed unconsciously; we don’t have to think about digesting food for it to occur, for example. By contrast, the somatic nervous system (SoNS) controls voluntary body movements. It is made up of afferent and efferent nerves that send signals to and from the CNS, causing voluntary muscle contraction to occur.

Types of Nervous Tissue
Neurons
Neurons are cells that can transmit signals called nerve impulses, or action potentials. An action potential is a quick rise and fall in the electrical membrane potential of the neuron, which transmits signals from one neuron to the next. These are the different types of neurons:
* �Sensory, or afferent neurons, relay information from the PNS to the CNS; different types of sensory neurons can detect temperature, pressure, and light.
* �Motor, or efferent neurons, send signals from the CNS to the PNS; these signals provide information to sensory neurons to “tell” them what to do (e.g., initiate muscle movement).
* �Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons to the brain and spinal cord; they act as connectors to form neural circuits and are involved with reflex actions and higher brain functions like decision-making.

While neurons can be specialized and look very different from one another, they each have components in common. Each neuron has a soma, or cell body, that contains the nucleus. Dendrites, finger-like projections that receive nerve impulses, branch off from the soma. The axon is a larger projection that branches off from the soma. Nerve impulses travel along the axon in the form of an action potential. The axon splits into axon terminals, which branch off to other neurons. Neurotransmitters are released from the ends of the axon terminals, and these travel across the synaptic cleft to reach receptors on the dendrites of other neurons. In this way, neurons communicate with each other and can send signals that reach many other neurons.

Neuroglia
Neuroglia, or glial cells, are cells that support neurons, supply them with nutrients, and get rid of dead cells and pathogens such as bacteria. They also form insulation between neurons so that electrical signals do not get crossed, and can also aid the formation of synaptic connections between neurons. There are several types of neuroglia:
* �Astroglial cells, also called astrocytes, are star-shaped cells found in the brain and spinal cord. They provide nutrients to neurons, maintain ion balance, and remove unneeded excess neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft.
* �Ependymal cells are also found in the CNS. There are two types of ependymal cells. Non-ciliated ependymal cells form cerebrospinal fluid, while ciliated ependymal cells help the cerebrospinal fluid circulate. Cerebrospinal fluid cushions the brain and spinal cord.
* �Oligodendrocytes are found in the CNS and provide physical support to neurons. They form a myelin sheath around some neurons in the CNS. The myelin sheath is a fatty substance wrapped around the axons of some neurons; it provides electrical insulation.
* �Schwann cells also form myelin sheaths around some neurons, but they are only found in the PNS. Neurons that are myelinated can conduct electrical impulses faster than non-myelinated neurons.
* �Microglial cells, or microglia, are small macrophage cells in the CNS that protect against disease by engulfing pathogens through phagocytosis (“cell eating”). They can also destroy infected neurons and promote the regrowth of neurons. All of the other types of neuroglia above are larger and collectively called macroglia.

Nervous tissue is the term for groups of organized cells in the nervous system, which is the organ system that controls the body’s movements, sends and carries signals to and from the different parts of the body, and has a role in controlling bodily functions such as digestion.

18/07/2022

To find life fulfilling, do not wear out of worries. Find solution for FND medically, spiritually and physically as health plan management.

Do it yourself 👍

18/07/2022

Knowing more about FND 🧠

18/07/2022

FND: Journal about neurological negligence 🧠

We assessed the frequency and causes of neurological deterioration in 59 patients with spinal cord injury on whom reports were prepared for clinical negligence litigation. In those who deteriorated neurologically we assessed the causes of the change in neurology and whether that neurological deterioration was potentially preventable.

In all 27 patients (46%) changed neurologically, 20 patients (74% of those who deteriorated) had no primary neurological deficit. Of those who deteriorated, 13 (48%) became Frankel A.

Neurological deterioration occurred in 23 of 38 patients (61%) with unstable fractures and/or dislocations; all 23 patients probably deteriorated either because of failures to immobilise the spine or because of inappropriate removal of spinal immobilisation. Of the 27 patients who altered neurologically, neurological deterioration was, probably, avoidable in 25 (excess movement in 23 patients with unstable injuries, failure to evacuate an epidural haematoma in one patient and over-distraction following manipulation of the cervical spine in one patient).

If existing guidelines and standards for the management of actual or potential spinal cord injury had been followed, neurological deterioration would have been prevented in 25 of the 27 patients (93%) who experienced a deterioration in their neurological status.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:527–31.