MediNurse Update

03/06/2026

🚑 CRASH CART COLOUR CODING & BIOMEDICAL WASTE SEGREGATION NOTES

🔴 Red Drawer – Emergency Drugs
• Adrenaline
• Atropine
• Amiodarone
• Emergency cardiac medicines
• Resuscitation drugs

🟠 Orange Drawer – IV Medications & Consumables
• Emergency injections
• Syringes
• IV Cannula
• IV accessories

🟡 Yellow Drawer – Airway Equipment
• ET Tube
• Laryngoscope
• Suction Catheter
• Airway devices

🟢 Green Drawer – Dressing & Procedure Materials
• Gauze
• Cotton
• Bandages
• Dressing sets
• Suture materials

🔵 Blue Drawer – IV Fluids & Infusion Equipment
• Normal Saline (NS)
• Ringer Lactate (RL)
• Dextrose
• IV Sets
• Extension lines

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🗑️ BIOMEDICAL WASTE COLOUR CODING

🟡 Yellow Bin – Infectious Waste
• Blood stained cotton/gauze
• Soiled dressings
• Human anatomical waste
• Plaster casts
• Contaminated materials

🔴 Red Lid Yellow Container – Sharps Waste
• Needles
• Syringes with needles
• Scalpel blades
• Lancets
• Broken ampoules/vials

⚠️ Used needles should never be recapped.

⚪ White/Grey Bin – General Waste
• Paper
• Medicine wrappers
• Clean packaging materials
• Non-infectious waste

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📋 CRASH CART RULES

✅ Crash cart must remain locked when not in use.
✅ Check and document cart contents every shift.
✅ Ensure all emergency drugs are within expiry date.
✅ Replace used drugs and equipment immediately.
✅ Oxygen cylinder, suction machine and defibrillator must be functional.
✅ Drawer labels should be clearly visible.
✅ Maintain daily crash cart checklist.
✅ Sharps container should be replaced when ¾ full.
✅ Biomedical waste must be segregated at the point of generation.
✅ PPE (gloves, mask) should be used during waste handling.

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🎓 NURSING VIVA QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Q. What is a Crash Cart?
Ans: A specially equipped trolley containing emergency drugs and equipment used during medical emergencies and resuscitation.

Q. Why are crash cart drawers colour coded?
Ans: To allow quick identification and access to required items during emergencies.

Q. Which drawer contains emergency drugs?
Ans: Red drawer.

Q. Which drawer contains airway equipment?
Ans: Yellow drawer.

Q. Which container is used for sharps disposal?
Ans: Red lid sharps container.

Q. What should never be done after using a needle?
Ans: Never recap a used needle.

Q. When should a sharps container be changed?
Ans: When it becomes three-fourths (¾) full.

Q. Why is biomedical waste segregation important?
Ans: To prevent infection, ensure staff safety and facilitate proper waste disposal.

Q. Who checks the crash cart?
Ans: Staff Nurse/In-charge Nurse at every shift.

Q. What equipment should always be ready with the crash cart?
Ans: Defibrillator, Oxygen cylinder and Suction apparatus.

📚 Important for Nursing Students, GNM, B.Sc Nursing, ICU, Emergency, OT Posting, Practical Exam & Viva.

03/06/2026

🚰 HUMAN EXCRETORY SYSTEM

The Human Excretory System is responsible for removing metabolic waste products, excess water, and toxins from the body, helping maintain internal balance and overall health.

🩺 Major Components:

✅ Kidneys – Filter blood and produce urine.

✅ Ureters – Transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

✅ Urinary Bladder – Stores urine temporarily.

✅ Urethra – Carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

🔄 Urine Formation Process:
1️⃣ Blood enters the kidneys.
2️⃣ Waste products and excess water are filtered.
3️⃣ Urine passes through the ureters.
4️⃣ Urine is stored in the bladder.
5️⃣ Urine is expelled through the urethra.

📌 Did You Know?
The kidneys filter approximately 180 liters of fluid daily, but only about 1–2 liters are excreted as urine.

💡 Tips for Healthy Kidneys:
✔ Stay well hydrated
✔ Limit excessive salt intake
✔ Control blood pressure and diabetes
✔ Get regular health check-ups

🩺 Understanding Anatomy, Promoting Health.

03/06/2026

❤️ HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

🫀 Main Components:

✅ Heart – The muscular pump that drives blood circulation.

✅ Arteries – Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.

✅ Veins – Return oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.

✅ Capillaries – Tiny vessels where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs.

🔄 Blood Circulation Pathway:
1️⃣ Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart.
2️⃣ The heart pumps it to the lungs.
3️⃣ Blood receives oxygen in the lungs.
4️⃣ Oxygenated blood returns to the heart.
5️⃣ The heart pumps it throughout the body.

📌 Did You Know?
The average adult has about 5 liters of blood, and the heart beats approximately 100,000 times each day.

🩺 Understanding Anatomy, Improving Healthcare.

03/06/2026

🤰 FETAL DEVELOPMENT DURING PREGNANCY

Pregnancy is a remarkable journey that begins with fertilization and continues through the progressive growth and development of the fetus inside the uterus.

📌 The models demonstrate:
✅ Normal female uterus
✅ First month of gestation
✅ Second and third month embryonic development
✅ Fourth month fetal growth
✅ Progressive fetal maturation throughout pregnancy

🩺 Key Antenatal Care Points:
✔ Regular prenatal check-ups
✔ Adequate folic acid and iron supplementation
✔ Balanced nutrition
✔ Proper rest and hydration
✔ Timely vaccinations as advised by healthcare providers

💡 Healthy mothers contribute to healthy babies. Early antenatal care plays a vital role in ensuring a safe pregnancy and positive birth outcomes.

03/06/2026

❤️ HUMAN HEART

The human heart is a muscular organ that continuously pumps blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues while removing waste products.

🫀 Key Facts About the Heart:

✅ The normal adult heart rate ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute.

✅ The heart consists of four chambers:
• Right Atrium
• Right Ventricle
• Left Atrium
• Left Ventricle

✅ Functions of the Heart:
• Pumps oxygenated blood to the body
• Sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• Maintains blood circulation and blood pressure

💡 Tips for a Healthy Heart:
✔ Exercise regularly
✔ Avoid smoking
✔ Eat a balanced diet
✔ Monitor blood pressure and blood sugar levels

📚 Learning Anatomy, Understanding Life.

03/06/2026

🩺 HUMAN KIDNEY WITH URINARY BLADDER

The kidneys are vital organs responsible for filtering waste products and excess fluid from the blood, producing urine, and maintaining the body's fluid and electrolyte balance.

✅ Functions of the Kidney:
• Filters blood and removes waste
• Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance
• Helps control blood pressure
• Produces hormones essential for red blood cell formation

📌 Structures Shown:

1. Adrenal Gland
2. Kidney
3. Aorta
4. Inferior Vena Cava
5. Cortex
6. Medulla
7. Renal Pelvis
8. Ureter
9. Urinary Bladder
10. Urethra

💡 Healthy kidneys are essential for a healthy life. Stay hydrated, manage blood pressure, and undergo regular health check-ups.

01/02/2026

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26/01/2026

💉 Inj MgSO₄ (Magnesium Sulphate)

🔹 Drug Class
• Electrolyte
• Mineral supplement
• Anti-convulsant

🔹 Mechanism of Action
• Depresses CNS excitability
• Blocks neuromuscular transmission
• Stabilizes cardiac cell membrane
• Reduces acetylcholine release

🔹 Indications
• Eclampsia & pre-eclampsia
• Torsades de Pointes
• Hypomagnesemia
• Severe asthma (adjunct therapy)
• Cardiac arrhythmias
• Seizure control

🔹 Dose (Adult – IV)
• Eclampsia:
– Loading: 4–6 g IV over 15–20 min
– Maintenance: 1–2 g/hr infusion
• Torsades: 2 g IV over 10–15 min
• As prescribed based on condition

🔹 Administration
• Dilute before IV use
• Give slow IV infusion
• Use infusion pump
• Monitor BP, RR, SpO₂ & ECG

🔹 Side Effects
• Hypotension
• Respiratory depression
• Loss of deep tendon reflexes
• Bradycardia
• Flushing
• Cardiac arrest (overdose)

🔹 Nursing Responsibilities
• Monitor respiratory rate & SpO₂
• Check deep tendon reflexes
• Monitor urine output (>30 mL/hr)
• Continuous ECG monitoring
• Keep Calcium Gluconate ready (antidote)

📌 Life-saving drug in eclampsia & torsades de pointes

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26/01/2026

💉 Inj Amiodarone

🔹 Drug Class
• Anti-arrhythmic
• Class III (potassium channel blocker)

🔹 Mechanism of Action
• Prolongs cardiac action potential & refractory period
• Slows AV node conduction
• Controls ventricular & supraventricular arrhythmias
• Minimal negative inotropic effect

🔹 Indications
• Ventricular tachycardia (VT)
• Ventricular fibrillation (VF)
• Atrial fibrillation / atrial flutter
• Pulseless VT / VF (cardiac arrest)
• Refractory arrhythmias

🔹 Dose (Adult – IV)
• Cardiac arrest: 300 mg IV bolus
(may give additional 150 mg)
• Stable VT / AF:
– Loading: 150 mg IV over 10 min
– Infusion: 1 mg/min for 6 hrs
– Then 0.5 mg/min for 18 hrs

🔹 Administration
• Dilute in D5W only
• Use infusion pump
• Prefer central line for prolonged infusion
• Continuous ECG & BP monitoring

🔹 Side Effects
• Hypotension
• Bradycardia
• QT prolongation
• Phlebitis
• Nausea
• Long-term: thyroid, lung, liver toxicity

🔹 Nursing Responsibilities
• Continuous ECG monitoring
• Monitor BP & heart rate
• Observe IV site (risk of phlebitis)
• Use inline filter if available
• Do not mix with other drugs
• Monitor electrolytes (K⁺, Mg²⁺)

📌 Life-saving anti-arrhythmic in cardiac emergencies

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26/01/2026